Lean Management in a Salon

1. 0. About the association Yellow Nails Salon is a secretly run business which spends significant time in nail care and began as a nail-bar 5 years prior. It is a little arrangement with 10 assistance staff, one primary work floor, 2 treatment rooms, a storeroom, a wash room and a bathroom. The proprietor visits the salon consistently for a few hours to watch out for the general running of the salon and to guarantee work is being done up to the norm. The salon administrations around 20 clients on weekdays and up to 40 clients on ends of the week/top seasons, and gets about 20% dismiss clients day by day. . 1. Principle items and administrations The center administrations gave by the salon are various kinds of nail trims and pedicures. Since 2010 the salon has developed in ubiquity and seen an interest from normal customers to offer progressively differed administrations, so hair medicines, knead administrations, hair expulsion and particular facials have been presented. The salon ad ditionally stocks nail shines which the clients can buy. 1. 2. The clients The customer base comprises of ladies from low to mid-pay families dwelling in the area.These are ladies that like the accommodation of having a salon near to that they can visit consistently and spoil themselves, yet not puncture their pockets thusly. A great deal of the clients treat their salon time as a prerequisite as opposed to an extravagance and space it in as a vocation in their bustling timetables. 1. 3. Request qualifiers and request champs for the organization The request victors for the salon are the costs offered alongside the stylistic theme and environment.There are no different salons in the region with a coordinating in vogue inside while offering comparable serious rates. Any salons that offer this kind of vibe will be excessively expensive, and those that are not, won't have a similar kind of insides. The request qualifiers are the experience of the staff, the administrations offered and t he area. 2. 0. Difficulties One of the greatest difficulties looked by the business is that a ton of clients must be dismissed in light of the fact that the salon can't oblige them in a few ways.While a ton of comparable salons blossom with new and stroll in clients, in Yellow Nails, except if you have pre arranged the visit and booked, you won't be taken care of, regardless of whether is it an instance of including an additional treatment during your visit. Arrangements are made and not kept, yet the staff is committed to sit inactive until the client shows up and dismiss stroll in clients. Another serious issue is that a ton of time is taken up by every client alone as a solitary authority takes care of a client at once, while other staff hangs tight for their booking to arrive.There have been events when it has been seen that some move on wax has been discarded in light of the fact that it has evaporated so the specialist has needed to open another case, which is additionally the situation with other excellence items. Apparently, there is a considerable amount of wastage because of old stock being kept. Another issue is by all accounts that however the staff is neighborly and their work is of an exclusive expectation, the space around them isn't extremely sorted out, bringing about longer hanging tight an ideal opportunity for the client, even between services.Along with these difficulties, the expense of activities is high, as the proprietor gets the spa items from Switzerland which she visits occasionally and load up on her visit and has additionally put vigorously in treatment machines, which require customary support. These elements show that it is very significant for the business to structure its activities all the more adequately so as to produce increasingly alluring benefits. 2. 1. Proof Having been to the salon ordinarily and seeing the issues on a direct premise, there is no uncertainty that the issues watched do genuinely exist.Many organization s have difficulties which are covered under a sparkling outside, however when the client begins confronting it straightforwardly, you know it’s an issue that should be managed quickly, perhaps more fundamentally in a help based organization. 2. 2. Consequences for the Business While the salon is making adequate income, it is missing out on forthcoming business on the grounds that the employments are not smoothed out viably. Having addressed the director of the salon about how the business is performing, she said it is doing very well and they are making â€Å"good money†.On the marginally negative side, she proceeded to state that they can't recruit any more staff since they don’t have space to suit more clients one after another and the proprietor had no goal to extend the space. What was seen from the conversation was that they do perceive that a great deal of clients must be dismissed because of which they are losing possible business, and that the proprietor is keen on employing more young ladies so as to support benefit yet can't, and she doesn’t think there is some other answer for this problem.The clear answer, according to the proprietor, is that more staff approaches more clients, which implies more income. ? 3. 0. Lean execution in the administration segment Traditionally, Lean practices have been generally connected with the assembling business, with writing and strategies for usage being increasingly open in that specific area. We hence take a gander at the examination of a few creators that talk about how lean can be applied in administration businesses and the elements that should be centered around so as to have the option to do so.We likewise take a gander at the various structures of lean that makes it a suggested approach. 3. 1. Writing Review The term Lean administration has first been utilized in the book The Machine That Changed the World by Womack, Jones and Roos (1990), portraying the essentials of the Toyota creation framework as lean creation (Coote and Gould, 2006). Following on from which, Coote and Gould’s (2006) writing discusses lean as an idea that has come to mean various things to various individuals, from asserting that most view it as a joint effort of effectiveness and minimal effort which they portray similar to a tight view.They give a progressively healthy definition depicting it as ‘delivering client esteem without waste’. As organizations will in general spot a high significance to their clients, it would be unavoidable that an idea with an enormous spotlight on that factor would be embraced, albeit one would address whether the methodology is just fit for an assembling organization. Abdi et al (2006) express that lean can be applied to support parts and that there are similitudes and contrasts in embracing the methodology from an assistance purpose of view.Their writing talks about five unique standards from crafted by Womack and Jones (1996) and ho w these lean assembling standards can be applied to the administration segment, which incorporates indicating an incentive by administration, indentifying the administration esteem stream, making the administration stream, providing at the draw of the client and actualizing the quest for flawlessness and so as to apply these standards, they place the human component as a significant variable in the administrations sector.Another bit of writing, investigated by Bonaccorsi et al (2011), reasons that lean reasoning has the possibilities to be executed in the administration business as a viable method to reduce expenses and increment consumer loyalty. They accentuate that applying shelter administration is testing which is the reason lean ideas should frequently be reclassified in a legitimate manner, and to comprehend this, the idea Service Value Stream Management (SVSM) has been developed.This approach is adaptable in nature and can be applied to a wide scope of cases, including Yello w Nails salon, wherein the standards of lean should be custom fitted to the prerequisites of that specific division. As SVSM is professed to be adaptable and utilized practically as a general guide, there ought to be no difficulties to build up a genuine lean assistance by means of its execution. Piercy and Rich’s (2009) research discoveries feature that through the appropriation of lean help devices, administration business can serve the generally contending needs both of operational cost decrease and of expanded client assistance quality.The lean methodology is approved in the administration setting and proposed as a significant expansion to customary assistance promoting ways to deal with administrations improvement. In their paper, they present the information on the usage of lean procedure approaches in the call community setting featuring quick enhancements, for example, esteem distinguishing proof, process/esteem stream mapping, and evacuation of boundaries to stream a n incentive to the client. An observational investigation by Alsmadi et al (2012), breaks down the distinctions in the connection between lean practices and firm execution in the UK assembling and administration sectors.Although lean practices have been effectively actualized in many assembling cases, their impact on firm execution in both assembling and administration parts is as yet restricted. In the first place, the observational discoveries in the two segments recommend that Lean practices are emphatically connected with firms’ execution and the level of effect on execution is likewise indistinguishable between the two parts, in this way their examination bolsters the positive contention concerning the relevance of Lean practices in administration firms and their possible impact on performance.The results additionally proposed that delicate Lean practices identified with client and HR the executives in the administration area was performing profoundly which is the reason it is basic, as expressed by different creators, that Lean practices should be refined and custom fitted to the particular highlights of the division. When lean standards has been acknowledged that is can be executed by an assistance based organization, it is imperative to concentrate on the particular inward usage procedures, wherein Malayeff (2006) endeavors to give understanding into the administration of an inside help framework got from a point of view of Lean management.He claims this would exist inside expert assistance units of advancement, building, data innovation, HR and shopper undertakings. For the situation

BUSINESS STRATEGY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

BUSINESS STRATEGY - Essay Example System is the other term for business intending to acquire upper hand in the market and to break down the future occasions to work effectively in vulnerability. The business systems of an association target bringing out key choices about the selection of items, client needs, and new open doors in the terms of market and innovation and other significant choices which help the firm to increase an upper hand in the market. The business houses can't take proper and significant choices without the accessibility of the total data of the outer condition. Business associations can't run in vacuum and it needs to include the outer condition. There are many related gatherings to the professional the clients, society, condition, representatives, leasers and so on. It is significant for the firm to have a total information about its inward and outer conditions. An exhaustive investigation of the interior and outer procedures of the association encourages it to comprehend its qualities by building up the focuses or the zones where the association is acceptable at just as understanding its shortcomings, the regions where further improvement is required. This investigation would additionally help in understanding the outer conditions to comprehend the extent of the association later on. The key arranging and proposal requires the intensive comprehension of the inner situations of the association in order to plot t he systems as needs be, for the boost of the advantages drawn from the techniques. The partners of an association have a significant impact in the strategy arrangement and execution of the systems.

How does Shakespeare manipulate and vary the mood throughout Act 2 Scene 3 of Twelfth Night?

In the opening to this scene Shakespeare makes a comic environment by the utilization of affable characters; Sir Toby and Sir Andrew. They are partying in a tipsy, loud festival and are right away joined by Feste. Anyway the happy climate is stopped by the presentation of Feste’s melody. The tune, regardless of the way that it is an adoration melody appears to suggest demise with the reference to the lover’s ventures end. This could be Shakespeare’s method of reminding the crowd that affection won't keep going for ever, making a somewhat horrid temperament. Anyway not long after, Feste savors the experience of another tune which gives the crowd unobtrusive traces of what is to come further in the play. The crowd later discover that the melody is the thing that sparkles Maria, Sir Toby and Sir Andrew’s stunt on Malvolio, as it encourages that they should live in the present as ‘in delay there lies no plenty’ proposing that different characters in the play will also understand that time is short and the speed of the plot will begin to increment when characters choose to admit their affection making a feeling of energy. Youth’s a stuff won't persevere. ’ Proposes to the crowd that Olivia’s magnificence is quick blurring and on the off chance that she wishes to discover love she should come out of her grieving state. It additionally implies Viola as her excellence will also begin to blur and she will no longer engage the Duke however he will never realize that she is a lady except if she expels her camouflage. Shakespeare restores the scene to its entertaining nature with passage of Malvolio. He is customarily wearing night clothing and as a group of people we battle to pay attention to his position while he looks so strange. However the entertaining second is sliced short with Malvolio’s suggestion to Sir Toby that he can be tossed out of the family on the off chance that he won't isolated himself from his offenses. Sir Toby keeps on singing of how he can never alter his way of living thus along these lines must leave, anyway when examined by Feste that he is too fainthearted to even think about standing up to Malvolio social statuses are continued. We see Sir Toby abandon a cheerful character to one who can be awful when he loudly assaults Malvolio tending to the way that he is in actuality simply a steward. Again Shakespeare has changed the state of mind from amusing to very genuine. This genuine state of mind proceeds with when Malvolio undermines Maria. However it is indispensable note that it is this danger which also urges Maria to invoke her arrangement to obliterate Malvolio. This is astonishing to the crowd as she is the person who is well on the way to be influenced from the result of this deceit as Malvolio is her chief. We are left inclination agitated with respect to what the can't avoid being the result of her physic. By the by Maria reminds the crowd that Malvolio is a cheat and misrepresentation who is self-fixated and we feel not so much agitated but rather more willing for them to finish their arrangement. At last in the scene Shakespeare has fluctuated the state of mind incredibly. In spite of the way that it is a parody in this scene a genuine note runs all through. It is additionally critical to take note of that this scene runs in a cycle as we start with Sir Andrew and Sir Toby needing to become inebriated and the consummation of the scene likewise gets done with them needing to get alcoholic proposing that the play may run as a cycle as well. He utilizes melodies to insight to the crowd of occasions to come and furthermore address the way that time is running out.

Hot Water Burns Like Fire Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

This investigation gathered by a network nurture, inside a little public venue, intends to educate individual medical attendants of the causes, and preemptive plans that are in topographic point to hinder unneeded damages. The point of convergence of this investigation is on incidental Burnss and singes in Australian children matured 0-14 mature ages and the expanded danger to kids matured 0-4 mature ages. This age bunch was seen as of especially high danger, blending to the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare ( AIHW ) , and the Department of Health and Aging ( 2006 ) . We will compose a custom paper test on Heated Water Burns Like Fire Health And Social Care Essay or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now The elements that add to an expanded peril of Burnss and singes, including age and improvement, sexual orientation, insufficiency of hindrances and directing, inconsistent resolution laws and lack of open cognizance are each investigated all through this examination. What is a consume? The World Health Organization ( WHO ) characterizes a consume â€Å" as a hurt to the covering or other natural tissue brought about by heat [ this hurt causes a few or the entirety of the covering cells or different tissues to perish, this can be brought about by ] hot fluid ( singes ) , hot solids ( contact Burnss ) , or fires ( fire Burnss ) † ( WHO 2008, p.21 ) . Consume and burn realities Fitting to Kidsafe Tasmania ( 2008 ) , a singe from hot fluid can go on quickly, doing a child who has delicate covering contrasted with an adult, unneeded hurt, typically to the face, cervix, chest, and guardianships. Hot beverages are the significant reason for singes to kids, doing 44 % of damages ( Kidsafe ) . Numerous children run into adults who are keeping a cup of hot fluid, for example, soup or a beverage, or draw dishware or skillet from even arraies or burners joining hot fluids ( Kidsafe ) . 20 % of children pull on evaporator lines doing singes from poached H2O. Hot pat H2O in the kitchen or the washroom causes 14 % of burns and 22 % are from cooking hot supplement in the kitchen ( Kidsafe 2008, p. 1-3 ) . Ecological adjustments to chop down youth Burnss and singes Move hot beverages to the focal point of an even cluster out of range Turn pan grasps around on the range Use hotplates at the back of the range Diminish hot H2O temperatures to 50A °C Use made sure about fire screens around flames Utilize and supplant batteries all the time in smolder sensors Keep lucifers and final resting place nail igniters far out and scope of children Guarantee every single hot contraption are out of range when chilling Never leave a child unattended in the restroom or in the kitchen Guarantee electrical contraption strings are out of range ( Australian and New Zealand Burn Association 2009 ) . The Alma Atta Declaration ( WHO 1978 ) territories: Essential Health Care requires and advances maximal community†¦ engagement†¦ doing fullest use of nearby, national and other accessible assets ; and to this terminal creates through fitting guidance the capacity of networks to partake ( World Health Organization ( WHO ) 1978 ) . Subsequently a strong multidisciplinary and multi-sectoral assault from National and network organizations and affiliations are imperative to chop down hurt insights ( Watson, M 2010 ) . Attendants and different health experts play a cardinal capacity in the guidance, exposure and bar of such damages ( McMurray 2011 p.5 ) . ‘Hot H2O Burnss like fire ‘ Network awareness runs, for example, ‘Hot Water Burns Like Fire ‘ which was directed in NSW in 1992, significantly diminished singe figures. During 1989 †1996 hospitalization rates for burns were diminished by 13 % , clinic undergarments diminished by 18 % , along these lines freeing up medical clinic beds. The main stage offered data on reasons for singes, trailed by the second stage, which concentrated on the execution and rule law of the abatement of hot H2O chamber temperatures to 50A °C. The outcomes drastically diminished the expenses to the Australian wellbeing consideration framework yearly by about 3.8 †6.5 million dollars. ( WHO 1992 ) . Government and territory rule law, a few realities In 2009 The ACT Government restricted the offer of patio fireworks ( Andrew 2009 ) . South Australia Explosives Regulations Act 2001 disallows the deal and responsibility for â€Å" other than a general use pyrotechnic † [ Direct Quote ] . In Queensland smoke caution Torahs were presented in 1997, new structures including redevelopments were required to place in designed smoke dismaies. In 2007 it became mandatory that all Queensland places introduce at any rate one ‘9 V battery controlled ‘ seethe alarm ( 2007 ) . Informative supplement 1 represents the figure of hospitalizations due to Burnss and singes in kids matured 0-4 mature ages, 5-9 mature ages and 10-14 mature ages during the 5-year time frame 1999/00 to 2003/04 ( Harrison, J and Steel, D 2006 ) . During the initial 4 mature ages of life, a child is more at danger from Burnss than those in a more seasoned age gathering and guys are of more prominent peril than females ( Harrison, J and Steel, D 2006 ) . Orchestrating to Drago ( 2005 ) kids between 0-2 mature ages are recognized as a high peril bunch because of the insufficiency of perception of such threats. An overview in Greece that concentrated on danger related with infancy consume harms inside the spot other than found that most damages happened in the kitchen to babies between the times of birth and 4 mature ages. A bewildering 60 % of occasions were because of hot fluid Burnss ( Harrison, J and Steel, D 2006 p. 10 ) . Informative supplement 2 high spots the intellectual and newly procured physical achievements that children gain between the ages of 9 and a year. Youngsters beneath two years are â€Å" yet to get the fear of danger†¦ [ and risks related with their new enrichments ] † ( Harrison, J et Al. 2006 ) . Nature in which we live dramatizations an implicit capacity in discovering hurt structures as Drago ( 2005 ) recommends, most family singes happen in the kitchen influencing hot H2O in boilers and pots and dish that are pulled down off counters and ranges ( Drago 2005, p.10 ) . In the United Kingdom following the introduction of the tea sack, singes expanded then again tea kettle burns diminished. In 1991 Denmark saw another type of singes related with the introduction of the electric heater brought about by ropes being pulled down. Lamentably electric contraptions that have lines and grasps are much of the time answerable for Burnss and singes in kids under 5 mature ages ( Drago 2005 p 10-14 ) . Lower financial gatherings Despite the fact that horribleness and death rates are related with poverty, kids from lower financial gatherings inside high-pay states were appeared to hold expanded consume harms ( WHO 2008 p. 85 ) . In Sweden children of lower financial gatherings were up to 2.3 occasions bound to be hospitalized for Burnss, than those in wealthier parts ( WHO 2008 p. 21 ) . Because of inadequacy of guidance, bar plans and first help planning, Aboriginal children are at higher risk of consume harms. During a three twelvemonth period 73 % of Aboriginal children were admitted to hospital from Burnss, numerous episodes are brought about by reassigning bubbling H2O into the shower and slanting it accidently on the child ( Kennet 2010 ) . Choice Despite the fact that organizations have worked together by providing some network cognizance, the AIHW ( 2008 p.22 ) examine states that permission rates because of youth Burnss and singes has expanded by 20 % in a decennary. Consumes and burns cause harming and desolation, for the child, their family units and are a huge strain on the health consideration framework. Training to thwart unintentional damages is basic in the event that we need to decrease consume frequencies ( Kennett 2010 ) . Networks missing a multifaceted people health consideration assault will see injury figures remain ( Watson, M 2010 ) . The child and family unit wellbeing medical attendant is a worked in answer for the guidance of guardians and networks to gracefully data to ensure and propel protected and amicable conditions for kids ( McMurray 2011 p.188 ) . Lower financial gatherings and Aboriginal people group need additional administrations and guidance to help bar of Burnss in the principal case and firs t help to right draw off a consume so the patients recuperation is decreased ( Kennett 2010 ) . Comprehensively the specialists, parliament and others in power require guideline fireworks, rage sensors, and temperatures of hot H2O chambers around the universe and to build guidance ( Turner 2009 ) keeping up in head that â€Å" All human presences have an equivalent right to wellbeing and security † ( UNICEF 2008 ) . Step by step instructions to refer to Hot Water Burns Like Fire Health And Social Care Essay, Essay models

Course Content and Modes of Teaching Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Course Content and Modes of Teaching - Assignment Example This investigation focuses on that the way that the course is attempted by both nearby and worldwide understudies, we are managing issues that require social decent variety to be valued to connect with different individuals from the class. The way toward cooperating with a wide scope of societies in the class has empowered me to create enthusiasm for correspondence, along these lines prompting accomplishment in this class. What's more, the correspondence class helps in improving the writer's English aptitudes in both composed and oral language, which is a basic angle in the genuine working environment and along these lines. This exploration talks about that in introducing the course material, the instructor utilizes various techniques, including addressing, where the educator is the sole disseminator of data. In this technique, communication with the understudies is essentially restricted by the instructor while introducing the directions. The exhibit technique is for the most part utilized in the wellbeing class and includes the understudies watching the way toward doing a system. The wellbeing class is supplemented with down to earth practice where the understudies take an interest effectively all the while. Moreover, the correspondence class utilizes the conceptualizing strategy where the educator gives guidelines and the understudies structure bunches where they talk about restricting ideas. Each one of the courses is focused on a one of a kind reason. On one hand, the wellbeing course is planned for sharpening the students’ abilities comparable to fundamental wellbeing wordings while setti ng them up for future expert practice in wellbeing related areas.â

Understanding the Kubler-Ross Change Curve

Understanding the Kubler-Ross Change Curve WHAT IS KUBLER-ROSS MODEL?The Kubler-Ross Change Curve which is also known as the 5 stages of grief is a model consisting of the various levels or stages of emotions which are experienced by a person who is soon going to approach death or is a survivor of an intimate death. The 5 stages included in this model are denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance. This model was introduced by and is named after Elisabeth Kubler-Ross in a book called ‘Death and Dying’ which came out in the year 1969. This book, as well as the model, was inspired by her association and work with patients who were terminally ill. The psychiatrist Kubler-Ross got inclined towards this subject because of lack of research and information on the subject of death and experience of dying. She began her research by analyzing and evaluating those who were faced with death, but the examination took the form of a series of seminars and then patient interviews, etc. later on.After the book ‘Death and Dying ’ was published, the concept or the model was widely accepted, and it was found that it was valid in a majority of cases and situations relating to change. This model and her research also improved the overall understanding as well as the procedures followed in medical care. The 5 stages, according to her are transferable to different ways and degrees and may vary from person to person. Besides those who are faced by intimate death, this model also holds true in the case of others who may be faced by less serious physical conditions or trauma. Some of these situations or cases include injury, disability, work issues, relationship problems and financial problems, etc.Relevance of Kubler-Ross Change Curve in BusinessThe Kubler-Ross Model also holds true when it comes to business, work or employment. Every organization needs to bring about changes in its management and policies. But besides the improvement of systems, there must be a change in the people or employees as well. If even in bringing about several changes in the systems and processes, the employees of your company persist in their old ways, and then the thousands of dollars invested will go to waste. This is why it is important for the employees too to adapt and change accordingly. Only when the workforce of an organization makes personal changes, or transitions can the company move ahead and reap the benefits.Every organization needs to support the employees in the process of making transitions or changes. These individual transformations can be traumatic and may involve a lot of power loss and prestige issues. The easier it is for the employees to move along on their journey, the easier will it be for the organization to move towards success. Thus, this impacts the success rate and overall profits experienced by the company. The Change Curve in business is thus a powerful model that can help one understand and deal with changes and personal transitions. It helps to fathom how one will react to cha nge and how to provide support during the process of change.The 5 stages of griefIt is essential to understand that we do not move along the stages in a linear direction or step by step. A person tends to move into stages in a random order and may sometimes even return back to a previous stage after a certain point in time. Each stage can last for a different time period, and it is possible for a person to get stuck in a particular stage and not move on from there. The following are brief descriptions of each of the 5 stages of grief: Denial: The Stage of shock or denial is usually the first stage in the Kubler-Ross Model and is mostly short-lived. This is a phase during which one puts on a temporary defense mechanism and takes time to process certain disturbing news or reality. One may not want to believe what is happening and that it is happening to him/her. It can bring about a dip in productivity and the ability to think and act. After the initial shock subsides, one may experie nce denial and may remain focused on the past. Some people tend to remain in the state of denial for a long time and may lose touch with reality. Anger: When the realization finally hits, and one understands the gravity of the situation, he/she may become angry and may look for someone to blame. Anger can be manifested or expressed in many ways. While some take out the anger on themselves, others may direct it towards others around them. While some may be angry at life in general, others may blame the economy. One always tends to remain irritable, frustrated and short tempered during this stage. Bargaining: When the stage of anger passes away, one may start thinking about ways to postpone the inevitable and try to find out the best thing left in the situation. Those who are not faced by death but by another trauma may try to negotiate in the situation and come to a point of compromise. Bargaining may help to come to a sustainable solution and might bring some relief to those who are moving close to what they wish to avoid altogether. The search for a different outcome or a less traumatic one may remain on during this stage. Depression: Depression is a stage in which the person tends to feel sadness, fear, regret, guilt and other negative emotions. He/she may have completely given up by now and may now reach a dead end from where the road only seems dark. One may display signs or indifference, reclusiveness, pushing others away and zero excitement towards anything in life. This may seem like a lowest point in life with no way ahead. Some common signs of depression include sadness, low energy, feeling demotivated, losing trust in god, etc. Acceptance: When people realize that fighting the change that is coming into their life is not going to make the grief go away, they resign to the situation and accept it completely. The resigned attitude may not be a happy space but is one in which the person may stop resisting change and move ahead with it.While some people totally resign and go into a deep state of low energy, others may try to make the most of the time left on their hand and explore new opportunities. One has come to a point of peace and is prepared to take one whatever has to follow next.APPLICATIONS OF THE KUBLER-ROSS CHANGE CURVETo see the application of the Kubler-Ross Change Curve, we provide two examples below.1) The Business World applicationThe Change Curve is a very trusted and reliable tool that can be used to understand the stage where people are when they are going through a major or significant change in life. This insight not only helps doctors and healers understand the transition of patients but also helps managers in understanding the position at which employees are as far as adapting to change is concerned. This can thus help managers in creating tailor made methods of communication and guidance for those on the path of change.Let’s understand stand this by dividing it into the various changes or phases of the Kub ler-Ross Model:At Stage 1 This is the stage at which the employees or employee may be in a position of shock or denial. He or she may not be able to digest the fact that he/she has to undergo change and adapt to something new. They may need time to adjust to the changes and for a long time, they may deny that they need any. Here, as a manager or employer, the role should be to help employees understand why this is happening and how it can be helpful. This stage demands communication so that employees can have full knowledge and can have their questions answered. Employers must make it a point to avoid overwhelming the employees with a lot of information in one go and give it slowly and gradually.At stage 2 When finally the gravity of the situation settles in, and reality becomes clear, employees or workers may begin to feel fear from what lies ahead, and this may also turn into anger and resentment. They have been in a comfort zone for so long and knowing that they need to learn, change and adapt may make them angry. This stage has to be managed very sensibly by managements and organizations because some employees tend to vent their anger a little too harshly. This could create chaos and to avoid it, careful planning must be done in advance. Clear communication and support should still be the focus for organizations at this level as well. Organizations must understand that this is just a natural reaction and with time, it shall pass away and make way for acceptance.At stage 3 When employees finally understand the change and realize how they must adapt to new situations and circumstances, they may try to find the best possible scenario for them to fit in and adapt to. They may try to bargain with the management so that not a lot is compromised. They may try to learn only what they think is important but as an employer or part of management, your role should be to ensure that everyone gets the best of training so that the change incorporated can run successfu lly. The training stage may take time and for employees, figuring out their best options for a comfortable tenure ahead will be the focus. A company cannot rush employees to learn quickly or adapt to changes fast. It cannot expect 100% productivity during this phase.At Stage 4 Learning phase may not always be a very happy and comfortable zone for most employees of a workplace. This phase could result in low energies at the workplace due to low morale and excitement. It is important for the management to understand that this phase is not easy for the workforce as well. Hence, the more exciting the training can be made, the better would it be for the employees to move ahead and give their best. Employees may have realized by now that there is no way out of the situation, and this may prove difficult for some of them to handle.At Stage 5 This is the stage that managers or workplaces wait for after introducing a new change into an enterprise. People finally begin to embrace the change , accept the situation and start building new hopes and aspirations. They realize and understand the importance of the change and resign towards it. While some may resign because of lack of any other option, others may resign to the reality in a positive way. The managers of the workplace will finally begin to see the benefits of the hard work put in by them so far. The team is showing improvements now, and the overall productivity begins to improve. The road may have been rocky, but it is now time to celebrate, move towards a brighter future and expect more profits around the corner.2) Dead Car Battery exampleOne of the best examples of the Kubler-Ross Change Curve is the Dead Car Battery example. The following given example clearly demonstrates the transition process from one stage to another.It’s a chilly winter morning, and it is dark outdoors. There is a thin layer of frost on the ground but you are late for work and hence have to rush out to the car parked outside. As you pl ace the key in the ignition and turn the car on, you realize that the battery is dead. What follows is a clear demonstration of the Kubler-Ross transition stages:Shock and denial Your first reaction is of absolute shock and denial. You cannot believe this happening to you when you are already running late, and you thus try to start the car again and again.Anger Now that you realize the car cannot be started, you begin to feel angry and very mad at the situation.Bargaining Even on knowing it won’t help, you start asking the car to start, just for once. You promise it in your mind that you will keep it maintained and get the battery charged as soon as possible.Depression All the negative thoughts start rushing to your mind. You begin to feel depressed, sad and hopeless. You fear your job will be taken away and see now way out of the situation.Acceptance Now you figure out what you should do next. You can a cab and decide to deal with the situation later on.VARIATIONS OF CHANGE CURVE Change is an inevitable part and truth of life, and there is no running away from it. If change is well planned and formulated, it can produce positive results but even in spite of planning, change is hard to incorporate, accept and appreciate.This article shall throw light on the Kubler-Ross Change Curve (or also Kubler-Ross Model) that is the most reliable tool to understand change and the stages associated with it. The Kubler-Ross Change Curve can be effectively used by business leaders across the world to help their workforce adapt to change and move towards success. In this article, we explore 1) what is Kubler-Ross Model, 2) the applications of the Kubler-Ross Change Curve, and 3) variations of change curve concepts.WHAT IS KUBLER-ROSS MODEL?The Kubler-Ross Change Curve which is also known as the 5 stages of grief is a model consisting of the various levels or stages of emotions which are experienced by a person who is soon going to approach death or is a survivor of an intimate death. The 5 stages included in this model are denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance. This model was introduced by and is named after Elisabeth Kubler-Ross in a book called ‘Death and Dying’ which came out in the year 1969. This book, as well as the model, was inspired by her association and work with patients who were terminally ill. The psychiatrist Kubler-Ross got inclined towards this subject because of lack of research and information on the subject of death and experience of dying. She began her research by analyzing and evaluating those who wer e faced with death, but the examination took the form of a series of seminars and then patient interviews, etc. later on.After the book ‘Death and Dying’ was published, the concept or the model was widely accepted, and it was found that it was valid in a majority of cases and situations relating to change. This model and her research also improved the overall understanding as well as the procedures followed in medical care. The 5 stages, according to her are transferable to different ways and degrees and may vary from person to person. Besides those who are faced by intimate death, this model also holds true in the case of others who may be faced by less serious physical conditions or trauma. Some of these situations or cases include injury, disability, work issues, relationship problems and financial problems, etc.Relevance of Kubler-Ross Change Curve in BusinessThe Kubler-Ross Model also holds true when it comes to business, work or employment. Every organization needs to brin g about changes in its management and policies. But besides the improvement of systems, there must be a change in the people or employees as well. If even in bringing about several changes in the systems and processes, the employees of your company persist in their old ways, and then the thousands of dollars invested will go to waste. This is why it is important for the employees too to adapt and change accordingly. Only when the workforce of an organization makes personal changes, or transitions can the company move ahead and reap the benefits.Every organization needs to support the employees in the process of making transitions or changes. These individual transformations can be traumatic and may involve a lot of power loss and prestige issues. The easier it is for the employees to move along on their journey, the easier will it be for the organization to move towards success. Thus, this impacts the success rate and overall profits experienced by the company. The Change Curve in b usiness is thus a powerful model that can help one understand and deal with changes and personal transitions. It helps to fathom how one will react to change and how to provide support during the process of change.The 5 stages of griefIt is essential to understand that we do not move along the stages in a linear direction or step by step. A person tends to move into stages in a random order and may sometimes even return back to a previous stage after a certain point in time. Each stage can last for a different time period, and it is possible for a person to get stuck in a particular stage and not move on from there. The following are brief descriptions of each of the 5 stages of grief: Denial: The Stage of shock or denial is usually the first stage in the Kubler-Ross Model and is mostly short-lived. This is a phase during which one puts on a temporary defense mechanism and takes time to process certain disturbing news or reality. One may not want to believe what is happening and tha t it is happening to him/her. It can bring about a dip in productivity and the ability to think and act. After the initial shock subsides, one may experience denial and may remain focused on the past. Some people tend to remain in the state of denial for a long time and may lose touch with reality. Anger: When the realization finally hits, and one understands the gravity of the situation, he/she may become angry and may look for someone to blame. Anger can be manifested or expressed in many ways. While some take out the anger on themselves, others may direct it towards others around them. While some may be angry at life in general, others may blame the economy. One always tends to remain irritable, frustrated and short tempered during this stage. Bargaining: When the stage of anger passes away, one may start thinking about ways to postpone the inevitable and try to find out the best thing left in the situation. Those who are not faced by death but by another trauma may try to negoti ate in the situation and come to a point of compromise. Bargaining may help to come to a sustainable solution and might bring some relief to those who are moving close to what they wish to avoid altogether. The search for a different outcome or a less traumatic one may remain on during this stage. Depression: Depression is a stage in which the person tends to feel sadness, fear, regret, guilt and other negative emotions. He/she may have completely given up by now and may now reach a dead end from where the road only seems dark. One may display signs or indifference, reclusiveness, pushing others away and zero excitement towards anything in life. This may seem like a lowest point in life with no way ahead. Some common signs of depression include sadness, low energy, feeling demotivated, losing trust in god, etc. Acceptance: When people realize that fighting the change that is coming into their life is not going to make the grief go away, they resign to the situation and accept it com pletely. The resigned attitude may not be a happy space but is one in which the person may stop resisting change and move ahead with it.While some people totally resign and go into a deep state of low energy, others may try to make the most of the time left on their hand and explore new opportunities. One has come to a point of peace and is prepared to take one whatever has to follow next.APPLICATIONS OF THE KUBLER-ROSS CHANGE CURVETo see the application of the Kubler-Ross Change Curve, we provide two examples below.1) The Business World applicationThe Change Curve is a very trusted and reliable tool that can be used to understand the stage where people are when they are going through a major or significant change in life. This insight not only helps doctors and healers understand the transition of patients but also helps managers in understanding the position at which employees are as far as adapting to change is concerned. This can thus help managers in creating tailor made method s of communication and guidance for those on the path of change.Let’s understand stand this by dividing it into the various changes or phases of the Kubler-Ross Model:At Stage 1 This is the stage at which the employees or employee may be in a position of shock or denial. He or she may not be able to digest the fact that he/she has to undergo change and adapt to something new. They may need time to adjust to the changes and for a long time, they may deny that they need any. Here, as a manager or employer, the role should be to help employees understand why this is happening and how it can be helpful. This stage demands communication so that employees can have full knowledge and can have their questions answered. Employers must make it a point to avoid overwhelming the employees with a lot of information in one go and give it slowly and gradually.At stage 2 When finally the gravity of the situation settles in, and reality becomes clear, employees or workers may begin to feel fear from what lies ahead, and this may also turn into anger and resentment. They have been in a comfort zone for so long and knowing that they need to learn, change and adapt may make them angry. This stage has to be managed very sensibly by managements and organizations because some employees tend to vent their anger a little too harshly. This could create chaos and to avoid it, careful planning must be done in advance. Clear communication and support should still be the focus for organizations at this level as well. Organizations must understand that this is just a natural reaction and with time, it shall pass away and make way for acceptance.At stage 3 When employees finally understand the change and realize how they must adapt to new situations and circumstances, they may try to find the best possible scenario for them to fit in and adapt to. They may try to bargain with the management so that not a lot is compromised. They may try to learn only what they think is important but as an employer or part of management, your role should be to ensure that everyone gets the best of training so that the change incorporated can run successfully. The training stage may take time and for employees, figuring out their best options for a comfortable tenure ahead will be the focus. A company cannot rush employees to learn quickly or adapt to changes fast. It cannot expect 100% productivity during this phase.At Stage 4 Learning phase may not always be a very happy and comfortable zone for most employees of a workplace. This phase could result in low energies at the workplace due to low morale and excitement. It is important for the management to understand that this phase is not easy for the workforce as well. Hence, the more exciting the training can be made, the better would it be for the employees to move ahead and give their best. Employees may have realized by now that there is no way out of the situation, and this may prove difficult for some of them to handle.At Sta ge 5 This is the stage that managers or workplaces wait for after introducing a new change into an enterprise. People finally begin to embrace the change, accept the situation and start building new hopes and aspirations. They realize and understand the importance of the change and resign towards it. While some may resign because of lack of any other option, others may resign to the reality in a positive way. The managers of the workplace will finally begin to see the benefits of the hard work put in by them so far. The team is showing improvements now, and the overall productivity begins to improve. The road may have been rocky, but it is now time to celebrate, move towards a brighter future and expect more profits around the corner.2) Dead Car Battery exampleOne of the best examples of the Kubler-Ross Change Curve is the Dead Car Battery example. The following given example clearly demonstrates the transition process from one stage to another.It’s a chilly winter morning, and i t is dark outdoors. There is a thin layer of frost on the ground but you are late for work and hence have to rush out to the car parked outside. As you place the key in the ignition and turn the car on, you realize that the battery is dead. What follows is a clear demonstration of the Kubler-Ross transition stages:Shock and denial Your first reaction is of absolute shock and denial. You cannot believe this happening to you when you are already running late, and you thus try to start the car again and again.Anger Now that you realize the car cannot be started, you begin to feel angry and very mad at the situation.Bargaining Even on knowing it won’t help, you start asking the car to start, just for once. You promise it in your mind that you will keep it maintained and get the battery charged as soon as possible.Depression All the negative thoughts start rushing to your mind. You begin to feel depressed, sad and hopeless. You fear your job will be taken away and see now way out o f the situation.Acceptance Now you figure out what you should do next. You can a cab and decide to deal with the situation later on.VARIATIONS OF CHANGE CURVEBesides the above given 5 stages of grief or the Kubler-Ross Method, there are some other variations of change management models available too. They are given as follows:The ADKAR ModelThis Model was created for individual change management by Prosci. This variation or model demonstrates the 5 ingredients needed for change to be possible and successfully implemented. These 5 ingredients are given as follows:Awareness Awareness is a very important building block that helps one understand why change is important and needed.Desire The desire to be a part of change and support it is another vital ingredient.Knowledge The desire is incomplete without knowing how change can be brought about.Ability Even on having the desire to change and the knowledge to bring about this change, things can go in vain if the individual does not h ave the ability to grow with it.Reinforcement This building block is important to sustain the change.John Kotter 8-step strategy for change managementJohn Kotter also suggested a strategy for change management and this strategy consists of an 8-step process or procedure to deal with change:Create: The first step is to establish a feeling of urgency or hurriedness towards change.Build: The second step is to formulate a guiding coalition.Form: Now, the next step towards change involves developing a strategy to bring about change. This requires having a plan and a vision.Enlist: One must now communicate or put forth the vision or strategy for change.Enable: One must now empower the employees for taking action to incorporate the changes.Generate: Formulating and generating short-term goals and achieving them is the next step.Sustain: Capitalization of wins or gains in order to produce bigger results is the 7th step.Institute: Incorporating new and better changes in the workplace cultur e is the last step.

Explain the epidemiology of Alcoholism - Free Essay Example

Introduction According to Alcohol Concern Organisation (2015) more than 9 million people in England consume alcoholic beverages more than the recommended daily limits. In relation to this, the National Health Service (2015) actually recommends no more than 3 to 4 units of alcohol a day for men and 2 to 3 units a day for women. The large number of people consuming alcohol more than the recommended limits, highlights the reality that alcoholism is a major health concern in the UK which can lead to a multitude of serious health problems. Moss (2013) states that alcoholism and chronic use of alcohol are linked to various medical, psychiatric, social and family problems. To add to this, the Health and Social Care Information Centre (2014) reported that between 2012 and 2013, a total of 1,008,850 admissions related to alcohol consumption where an alcohol-related disease, injury or condition was the primary cause for hospital admission or a secondary diagnosis. This shows the detrimental impact of alcoholism on the health and overall wellbeing of millions of people in the UK. It is therefore vital to examine the aetiology of alcoholism in order to understand why so many people end up consuming excessive alcohol. The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) (n.d.) supports this by stating that learning the natural history of a disorder will provide information essential for assessment and intervention and for the development of effective preventive measures. This essay will also look into the different p ublic health policies that address the problem of alcoholism in the UK. A brief description of what alcoholism is will first be provided. What is Alcoholism? It is safe to declare that alcoholism is a lay term that simply means excessive intake of alcohol. It can be divided into two forms namely; alcohol misuse or abuse and alcohol dependence. Alcohol misuse simply means excessive intake of alcohol more than the recommended limits (National Health Service Choices 2013). A good example of this is binge drinking. Alcohol dependence is worse because according to the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2011, n.p.) it indicates craving, tolerance, a preoccupation with alcohol and continued drinking regardless of harmful consequences (e.g. liver disease). Under the Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)- 5, these two have been joined as one disorder called alcohol use disorder or AUD with mild, moderate and severe sub-classifications (NIAAA 2015). Genetic Aetiologic Factor of Alcoholism Alcoholism is a complex disorder with several factors leading to its development (NIAAA 2005). Genetics and other biological aspects can be considered as one factor involved in the development of alcohol abuse and dependence (NIAAA 2005). Other factors include cognitive, behavioural, temperament, psychological and sociocultural (NIAAA 2005). According to Goodwin (1985) as far as the era of Aristotle and the Bible, alcoholism was believed to run in the families and thus could be inherited. To some extent, there is some basis that supports this ancient belief because in reality, alcoholic parents have about four to five times higher probability of having alcoholic children (Goodwin 1985). Today, this belief seems to lack substantially clear and direct research-based evidence. On the other hand, studies also do not deny the role of genetics in alcoholism. With this view, it is therefore safe to argue that genetics is considered still as an important aetiologic factor in alcoholism. The current consensus simply indicates that there is more to a simple gene or two that triggers the predisposition of an individual to become an alcoholic. Scutti (2014) reports that although scientists have known for some time that genetics take an active role in alcoholism, they also propose that an individuals inclination to be dependent on alcohol is more complicated than the simple presence or absence of any one gene. The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (2008) states that there is no one single gene that fully controls a persons predisposition to alcoholism rather multiple genes play different roles in a persons susceptibility in becoming an alcoholic. The NIAAA (2005) further claims that the evidence for a genetic factor in alcoholism lies mainly with studies that involve extended pedigree, those that involve identical and fraternal twins and those that include adopted individuals raised apart from their alcoholic parents. For pedigree studies, it is believed that the risk of suffering from alcoholism is increased four to seven fold among first-degree relatives of an alcoholic (Cotton 1979; Merikangas 1990 cited in NIAAA, 2005.). First degree relatives naturally refer to parent-child relationships; hence, a child is therefore four to seven times at higher risk of becoming an alcoholic, if one or both of their parents are alcoholics. Moss (2013) supports this by stating that children whose parents are alcoholic are at higher risk of becoming alcoholics themselves when compared to children whose parents are non-alcoholics. A study conducted by McGue, Pickens and Svikis (1992 cited in NIAAA 2005) revealed that identical twins generally have a higher concordance rate of alcoholism compared to fraternal twins or non-twin siblings. This basically means that a person who has an alcoholic identical twin, will have a higher risk of becoming an alcoholic himself when compared to if his alcoholic twin is merely a fraternal twin or a non -twin sibling. This study further proves the role of genetics in alcoholism because identical twins are genetically the same; hence, if one is alcoholic, the other must therefore also carry the alcoholic gene. The genetic factor in alcoholism is further bolstered by studies conducted by Cloninger, Bohman and Sigvardsson 1981 cited in NIAAA 2005 and Cadoret, Cain and Grove (1980 cited in NIAAA 2005) involving adopted children wherein the aim was to separate the genetic factor from the environmental factor of alcoholism. In these studies, children of alcoholic parents were adopted and raised away from their alcoholic parents but despite this, some of these children still develop alcoholism as adults at a higher rate than those adopted children who did not have an alcoholic biological parent (Cloninger et al., 1981 cited in NIAAA 2005 and Cadoret et al., 1980 cited in NIAAA 2005). One interesting fact about aetiologic genetic factor is that although there are genes that indeed in crease the risk of alcoholism, there are also genes that protect an individual from becoming an alcoholic (NIAAA 2008). For example, some people of Asian ancestry carry a gene that modifies their rate of alcohol metabolism which causes them to manifest symptoms such as flushing, nausea and tachycardia and these generally lead them to avoid alcohol; thus, it can be said that this gene actually helps protect those who possess it from becoming alcoholic (NIAAA 2008). Environment as an Aetiologic Factor of Alcoholism Another clearly identifiable factor is environment, which involves the way an individual is raised and his or her exposure to different kinds of activities and opportunities. The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (2005) relates that the genetic factor and the environmental factor have a close relationship in triggering alcoholism in an individual. This can be explained by the simple fact that even if an individual is genetically predisposed to becoming an alcoholic, if he is not exposed to a particular kind of environment which triggers activities that lead to alcohol intake, the likelihood of his becoming an alcoholic will be remote. There are certain aspects within the environment that makes it an important aetiologic factor. According to Alcohol Policy MD (2005) these aspects include acceptance by society, availability and public policies and enforcement. Acceptance in this case refers to the idea that drinking alcoholic drinks even those that should be de emed excessive is somewhat encouraged through mass media, peer attitudes and behaviours, role models, and the overall view of society. Television series, films and music videos glorify drinking sprees and even drunken behaviour (Alcohol Policy MD 2005). TV and film actors and sports figures, peers and local role models also encourage a positive attitude towards alcohol consumption which overshadows the reality of what alcohol drinking can lead to (Alcohol Policy MD 2005). In relation to this, a review of different studies conducted by Grube (2004) revealed that mass media in the form of television shows for instance has an immense influence on the youth (age 11 to 18) when it comes to alcohol consumption. In films, portrayals regarding the negative impact of alcohol drinking are rare and often highlight the idea that alcohol drinking has no negative impact on a persons overall wellbeing (Grube 2004). In support of these findings, a systematic review of longitudinal studies conducted by Anderson et al. (2009) revealed that the constant alcohol advertising in mass media can lead adolescents to start drinking or to increase their consumption for those who are already into it. Availability of alcoholic drinks is another important environmental aetiologic factor of alcoholism simply because of the reality that no matter how predisposed an individual is to become an alcoholic, the risk for alcoholism will still be low if alcoholic drinks are not available. On the other hand, if alcoholic beverages are readily available as often are today, then the risk for alcoholism is increased not only for those who are genetically predisposed to alcoholism but even for those who do not carry the alcoholic genes. The more licensed liquor stores in an area, the more likely people are to drink (Alcohol Policy MD 2005). The cheaper its price, the more affordable it is for people to buy and consume it in excess (Alcohol Policy MD 2005). Another crucial environmental aetiologic factor is the presence or absence of policies that regulate alcohol consumption and its strict or lax enforcement. It includes restricting alcohol consumption in specified areas, enacting stricter statutes concerning drunk driving and providing for penalties for those who sell to, buy for or serve to underage individuals (Alcohol Policy MD 2005). It is worthy to point out that in the UK, the drinking age is 18 and a person can be stopped, fined or even arrested by police if he or she is below this age and is seen drinking alcohol in public (Government UK 2015a). It is also against the law for someone to sell alcohol to an individual below 18; however, an individual age 16 or 17 when accompanied by an adult can actually drink but not buy alcohol in a pub or drink beer, wine or cider with a meal (Government UK 2015a). Policies to Combat Alcoholism One public health policy that can help address the problem on alcoholism is the mandatory code of practice for alcohol retailers which banned irresponsible alcohol promotions and competitions, and obliged retailers to provide free drinking water, compelled them to offer smaller measures and required them to have proof of age protocol. It can be argued that this policy addresses the problem of alcoholism by restricting the acceptance, availability and advertising of alcohol (Royal College of Nursing 2012). Another is the Police Reform and Social Responsibility Act 2011 which is a statute that enables local authorities to take a tougher stance on establishments which break licensing rules about alcohol sale (Royal Collage of Nursing 2012). There is also the policy paper on harmful drinking which provides different strategies in addressing the problem of alcoholism. One such strategy is the advancement of the Change4Life campaign which promotes healthy lifestyle and therefore empha sises the recommended daily limit of alcohol intake for men and women (Government UK 2015b). Another strategy within this policy is the alcohol risk assessment as part of the NHS health check for adults ages 40 to 75 (Government UK 2015b). This policy aims to prevent rather than cure alcoholism which seems to be logical for after all, an ounce of prevention is better than a pound of cure. Conclusion Alcoholism which includes both alcohol misuse and alcohol dependence is a serious health problem which affects millions in the UK. Its aetiology is actually a combination of different factors. One vital factor is genetics wherein it can be argued that some people are predisposed to becoming an alcoholic. For example, an individual is at higher risk of becoming an alcoholic if he or she has a parent who is also alcoholic. When coupled with environmental factors, the risk of suffering from alcoholism becomes even greater. Environment refers to the acceptability and availability of alcohol and the presence or absence of policies that regulate alcohol sale and consumption. Vital health policies such as Harmful Drinking Policy Paper advocated by the government, are important preventive measures in reducing the incidence and prevalence of alcoholism in the UK. References Alcohol Concern Organisation (2015). Statistics on alcohol. [online]. Available from: https://www.alcoholconcern.org.uk/help-and-advice/statistics-on-alcohol/ [Accessed on 28 September 2015]. Alcohol Policy MD (2005). The effects of environmental factors on alcohol use and abuse. [online]. Available from: https://www.alcoholpolicymd.com/alcohol_and_health/study_env.htm[Accessed on 28 September 2015]. Anderson, P., de Brujin, A., Angus, K., Gordon, R. and Hastings, G. (2009). Impact of alcohol advertising and media exposure on adolescent alcohol use: A systematic review of longitudinal studies. Alcohol and Alcoholism. 44(3):229-243. Goodwin, D. (1985). Alcoholism and genetics: The sins of the fathers. JAMA Psychiatry. 42(2):171-174. Government UK (2015a). Alcohol and young people. 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Available from: https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/Social/Module2EtiologyNaturalHistory/Module2.html [Accessed on 28 September 2015]. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2011). Alcohol-use disorders: Diagn osis, assessment and management of harmful drinking and alcohol dependence. [online]. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG115/chapter/Introduction [Accessed on 28 September 2015]. Royal College of Nursing (2012). Alcohol: policies to reduce alcohol-related harm in England. [online]. Available from: https://www.rcn.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/438368/05.12_Alcohol_Short_Briefing_Feb2012.pdf [Accessed on 28 September 2015. Scutti, S. (2014). Is alcoholism genetic? Scientists discover link to a network of genes in the brain. [online]. Available from: https://www.medicaldaily.com/alcoholism-genetic-scientists-discover-link-network-genes-brain-312668 [Accessed on 28 September 2015].